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• Install Python Requests Library On Mac
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PIL (Python Imaging Library) adds many image processing features to Python. Pillow is a fork of PIL that adds some user-friendly features. What is cImage? CImage.py is a Python module used for image processing. Installing Python, PIL/Pillow, and cImage.py Windows. Install Python 2.7.8. Preface: I've tried every suggestion in this post. None of them work. I'm attempting to import the module requests into a Python file (using Python 2.7.14). Visual Studio Code outputted this in the.

First things first, let’s introduce you to Requests.

What is the Requests Resource?

Requests is an Apache2 Licensed HTTP library, written in Python. It is designed to be used by humans to interact with the language. This means you don’t have to manually add query strings to URLs, or form-encode your POST data. Don’t worry if that made no sense to you. It will in due time.

What can Requests do?

Requests will allow you to send HTTP/1.1 requests using Python. With it, you can add content like headers, form data, multipart files, and parameters via simple Python libraries. It also allows you to access the response data of Python in the same way.

In programming, a library is a collection or pre-configured selection of routines, functions, and operations that a program can use. These elements are often referred to as modules, and stored in object format.

Libraries are important, because you load a module and take advantage of everything it offers without explicitly linking to every program that relies on them. They are truly standalone, so you can build your own programs with them and yet they remain separate from other programs.

Think of modules as a sort of code template.

To reiterate, Requests is a Python library.

How to Install Requests

The good news is that there are a few ways to install the Requests library. To see the full list of options at your disposal, you can view the official install documentation for Requests here.

You can make use of pip, easy_install, or tarball.

If you’d rather work with source code, you can get that on GitHub, as well.

For the purpose of this guide, we are going to use pip to install the library.

In your Python interpreter, type the following:

Importing the Requests Module

To work with the Requests library in Python, you must import the appropriate module. You can do this simply by adding the following code at the beginning of your script:

Of course, to do any of this – installing the library included – you need to download the necessary package first and have it accessible to the interpreter.

Making a Request

When you ping a website or portal for information this is called making a request. That is exactly what the Requests library has been designed to do.

To get a webpage you would do something like the following:

Working with Response Code

Before you can do anything with a website or URL in Python, it’s a good idea to check the current status code of said portal. You can do this with the dictionary look-up object.

Get the Content

After a web server returns a response, you can collect the content you need. This is also done using the get requests function.

Working with Headers

By utilizing a Python dictionary, you can access and view a server’s response headers. Thanks to how Requests works, you can access the headers using any capitalization you’d like.

If you perform this function but a header doesn’t exist in the response, the value will default to None.

Encoding

Requests will automatically decade any content pulled from a server. But most Unicode character sets are seamlessly decoded anyway.

When you make a request to a server, the Requests library make an educated guess about the encoding for the response, and it does this based on the HTTP headers. The encoding that is guessed will be used when you access the r.text file.

Through this file, you can discern what encoding the Requests library is using, and change it if need be. This is possible thanks to the r.encoding property you’ll find in the file.

If and when you change the encoding value, Requests will use the new type so long as you call r.text in your code.

Custom Headers

If you want to add custom HTTP headers to a request, you must pass them through a dictionary to the headers parameter.

Redirection and History

Install Python Requests Library On Mac

Requests will automatically perform a location redirection when you use the GET and OPTIONS verbs in Python.

GitHub will redirect all HTTP requests to HTTPS automatically. This keeps things secure and encrypted.

You can use the history method of the response object to track redirection status.

Make an HTTP Post Request

You can also handle post requests using the Requests library.

But you can also rely on other HTTP requests too, like PUT, DELETE, HEAD, and OPTIONS.

You can use these methods to accomplish a great many things. For instance, using a Python script to create a GitHub repo.

Errors and Exceptions

There are a number of exceptions and error codes you need to be familiar with when using the Requests library in Python.

• If there is a network problem like a DNS failure, or refused connection the Requests library will raise a ConnectionError exception.
• With invalid HTTP responses, Requests will also raise an HTTPError exception, but these are rare.
• If a request times out, a Timeout exception will be raised.
• If and when a request exceeds the preconfigured number of maximum redirections, then a TooManyRedirects exception will be raised.

Any exceptions that Requests raises will be inherited from the requests.exceptions.RequestException object.

You can read more about the Requests library at the links below.

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As a popular open source development project, Python has an activesupporting community of contributors and users that also make their softwareavailable for other Python developers to use under open source license terms.

This allows Python users to share and collaborate effectively, benefitingfrom the solutions others have already created to common (and sometimeseven rare!) problems, as well as potentially contributing their ownsolutions to the common pool.

This guide covers the installation part of the process. For a guide tocreating and sharing your own Python projects, refer to thedistribution guide.

Note

For corporate and other institutional users, be aware that manyorganisations have their own policies around using and contributing toopen source software. Please take such policies into account when makinguse of the distribution and installation tools provided with Python.

Key terms¶

• pip is the preferred installer program. Starting with Python 3.4, itis included by default with the Python binary installers.

• A virtual environment is a semi-isolated Python environment that allowspackages to be installed for use by a particular application, rather thanbeing installed system wide.

• venv is the standard tool for creating virtual environments, and hasbeen part of Python since Python 3.3. Starting with Python 3.4, itdefaults to installing pip into all created virtual environments.

• virtualenv is a third party alternative (and predecessor) tovenv. It allows virtual environments to be used on versions ofPython prior to 3.4, which either don’t provide venv at all, oraren’t able to automatically install pip into created environments.

• The Python Packaging Index is a publicrepository of open source licensed packages made available for use byother Python users.

• the Python Packaging Authority is the group ofdevelopers and documentation authors responsible for the maintenance andevolution of the standard packaging tools and the associated metadata andfile format standards. They maintain a variety of tools, documentation,and issue trackers on both GitHub andBitbucket.

• distutils is the original build and distribution system first added tothe Python standard library in 1998. While direct use of distutils isbeing phased out, it still laid the foundation for the current packagingand distribution infrastructure, and it not only remains part of thestandard library, but its name lives on in other ways (such as the nameof the mailing list used to coordinate Python packaging standardsdevelopment).

Changed in version 3.5: The use of venv is now recommended for creating virtual environments.

See also

Basic usage¶

The standard packaging tools are all designed to be used from the commandline.

The following command will install the latest version of a module and itsdependencies from the Python Packaging Index:

Note

For POSIX users (including Mac OS X and Linux users), the examples inthis guide assume the use of a virtual environment.

For Windows users, the examples in this guide assume that the option toadjust the system PATH environment variable was selected when installingPython.

It’s also possible to specify an exact or minimum version directly on thecommand line. When using comparator operators such as >, < or some otherspecial character which get interpreted by shell, the package name and theversion should be enclosed within double quotes:

Normally, if a suitable module is already installed, attempting to installit again will have no effect. Upgrading existing modules must be requestedexplicitly:

More information and resources regarding pip and its capabilities can befound in the Python Packaging User Guide.

Creation of virtual environments is done through the venv module.Installing packages into an active virtual environment uses the commands shownabove.

See also

How do I …?¶

These are quick answers or links for some common tasks.

… install pip in versions of Python prior to Python 3.4?¶

Python only started bundling pip with Python 3.4. For earlier versions,pip needs to be “bootstrapped” as described in the Python PackagingUser Guide.

See also

… install packages just for the current user?¶

Passing the --user option to python-mpipinstall will install apackage just for the current user, rather than for all users of the system.

Python Install Requests Library Mac Download

… install scientific Python packages?¶

How do i unhide my library folder on mac. A number of scientific Python packages have complex binary dependencies, andaren’t currently easy to install using pip directly. At this point intime, it will often be easier for users to install these packages byother meansrather than attempting to install them with pip.

See also

… work with multiple versions of Python installed in parallel?¶

On Linux, Mac OS X, and other POSIX systems, use the versioned Python commandsin combination with the -m switch to run the appropriate copy ofpip:

Appropriately versioned pip commands may also be available.

On Windows, use the py Python launcher in combination with the -mswitch:

Common installation issues¶

Installing into the system Python on Linux¶

On Linux systems, a Python installation will typically be included as partof the distribution. Installing into this Python installation requiresroot access to the system, and may interfere with the operation of thesystem package manager and other components of the system if a componentis unexpectedly upgraded using pip.

On such systems, it is often better to use a virtual environment or aper-user installation when installing packages with pip.

Pip not installed¶

It is possible that pip does not get installed by default. One potential fix is:

There are also additional resources for installing pip.

Installing binary extensions¶

Python has typically relied heavily on source based distribution, with endusers being expected to compile extension modules from source as part ofthe installation process.

Python Requests Library Download

With the introduction of support for the binary wheel format, and theability to publish wheels for at least Windows and Mac OS X through thePython Packaging Index, this problem is expected to diminish over time,as users are more regularly able to install pre-built extensions ratherthan needing to build them themselves.

Some of the solutions for installing scientific softwarethat are not yet available as pre-built wheel files may also help withobtaining other binary extensions without needing to build them locally.

Python Install Requests Library Mac Torrent

See also